Wikipedia Blackjack Bomber
2021年10月29日Register here: http://gg.gg/wcz0q
The Tu-160 Blackjack is a Russian strategic bomber used by the Consortium during the Day of the Consortium. Blackjack, formerly also Black Jack and Vingt-Un, is the American member of a global family of banking games known as Twenty-One, whose relatives include the British game of Pontoon and the European game, Vingt-et-Un. It is a comparing card game between one or more players and a dealer, where each player in turn competes against the dealer.
*Soviet Blackjack Bomber
*Wikipedia Blackjack Bomber Jacket
*Wiki Blackjack Bomber
*Wikipedia Blackjack Bomber FighterTu-28/Tu-128Tu-128 at the Central Air Force Museum at Monino, RussiaRoleInterceptorManufacturerVoronezh Aircraft Production AssociationDesign groupTupolevFirst flight18 March 1961Introduction1964[1] (or 1966[2])Retired1990StatusRetiredPrimary userSoviet Air Defence ForcesNumber built198[1] (including 10 trainers)Developed fromTupolev Tu-98 bomber prototype
The Tupolev Tu-28 (NATO reporting nameFiddler) was a long-range interceptor aircraft introduced by the Soviet Union in the 1960s. The official designation was Tu-128,[2] but this designation was less commonly used in the West. It was the largest and heaviest fighter[nb 1] ever in service.[2][3]Background[edit]
In the 1950s, the Soviet Union sought means to defend against nuclear-armed American bombers possibly penetrating its borders (especially its long and vulnerable northern border), flying from northern Soviet bases like Talagi Airport and Savatiya (air base).[4][5][6] Contemporary interceptors, even the Yakovlev Yak-28P, were able to cover only a radius of a few hundred kilometers;[1][7][8] the newly developed surface-to-air missiles had even shorter range[1](the standard Soviet SAM S-75 Dvina’s range is 45 km (28 miles)). Considering both, the sheer numbers required to defend a 5,000 km air front[nb 2] were economically impossible to maintain. This left the Soviet Union able to provide a modern air defense only for selected valuable areas.[8] The PVO decided to cover the entire territory, but with a looser defence. In 1955 it placed a requirement for a large area-defense interceptor, that would achieve it with sparse[nb 3] airbases. The PVO requirement called for a supersonic aircraft with enormous fuel tanks for both a good patrol time and long range, a capable radar, and the most powerful air-to-air missiles possible. The first attempt, although unsuccessful, was a 30-tonne Lavochkin La-250 prototype,[8] the last of the Lavochkin design bureau’s aircraft.Design and development[edit]Tu-128 prototype at Central Air Force Museum, Monino, Russia
Iosif Nezval[2][8] of Tupolev Design Bureau led development of the new interceptor aircraft. The work began in 1958, based on an existing single prototype of the unsuccessful Tu-98 supersonic bomber. The military designation of the interceptor was at first Tu-28, but it was changed in 1963 to Tu-128, identical to the designation used by the OKB.[1][2][8]
The Tu-128 had a broad, low/mid-mounted swept wing carrying the main landing gear in wing-mounted pods, and slab tailplanes. Two Lyulka AL-7F-2 turbojet engines[1][2] were mounted in the fuselage. The two-man crew of pilot and navigator were seated in tandem.
The Tu-128, with its maximum weight of 43 tonnes, was the heaviest fighter to enter service.[nb 1][2] It was a bomber-interceptor with high wing loading, unsophisticated but reliable avionics and poor visibility. It was not an agile aircraft.[2] It was intended to combat only NATO bombers like the B-52,[2][8] not engage in dogfights with smaller aircraft.
The interceptor made its initial public appearance in the 1961 Tushino air parade. Western experts, unaware that the bulge on the belly carried testing instruments, mistook it for a large ventral radar for a mixed interceptor/AWACS role.[3] The production version lacked the bulge and had a large nose radome housing a radar, known as RP-S[nb 4]Smerch, having a detection range of about 50 km (31 mi[2]) and a lock-on range of about 40 km (25 mi).[1] Casino on hwy 75 in oklahoma.
Armament of the Tu-128 was four Bisnovat R-4air-to-air missiles (known as K-80 during development;[1]NATO reporting name AA-5 ’Ash’). Usually two of them were R-4Rs with semi-active radar homing and two were R-4T infrared-homing missiles, with the former on the outer pylons and the latter on the inner underwing pylons. There was no internal weapons bay.
Production of the Tu-128 ended in 1970 with a total of 198 aircraft having been built.[1][9]
Development of various projects designated Tu-28A, Tu-28-80, Tu-28-100, Tu-138, and Tu-148 were proposed by the Tupolev Design Bureau but all were abandoned.[1]Operational history[edit]
The Tu-128’s only publicly reported combat operation was the destruction of NATO reconnaissance balloons. The aircraft remained in service until 1990.[1][2] Through the 1980s, units armed with the Tu-128 converted to the Mikoyan MiG-31,[1][3] which features much more advanced sensors and weapons.[10]Variants[edit]Tupolev Tu-128UTPrototype of Tu-28 (’Fiddler-A’)Development test aircraft, one built. OKB designation was 128.[1][2][3] In the West, Fiddler-A was used for all the aircraft with twin ventral fins[2] — these included a prototype and a few of initial production (perhaps two[1] planes).Tu-128 (also known as Tu-28; ’Fiddler-B’)Main version, first deployed operationally in 1964[1] (or 1966[2][8] – sources differ). The military designation was at first Tu-28,[2][8] but the existing aircraft were renamed in 1963.[1][11] The entire weapon complex (aircraft, radar, missiles) was designated Tu-128S-4.[1][2] In the Western sources, but not in Soviet, often the more precise designation of this version[3][7][9] is mentioned as either Tu-28P or Tu-128P.Tu-128UT (also known as Tu-28UT)Training version with an additional cockpit forward of the normal one, in place of a radar. ten built and four converted from standard interceptors.[1][11]Tu-128MA 1979 modernization of almost all[1] existing aircraft for better interception at low altitude. Development originated in 1970.[2] Engines and airframe were not altered.[1] The full designation of the entire weapons complex was Tu-128S-4M.[1][2][11] It contained a new RP-SM Smerch-M radar, and new missile set: R-4RM plus R-4TM.[1][11]Abandoned[edit]Tu-28ANew development, abandoned.[1][11]Tu-28-80Development designation, abandoned.[1][11]Tu-28-100Development designation, abandoned.[1][11]Tu-138New development, abandoned.[1][11]Tu-148New development, variable geometry wings, abandoned.[1][11]Operators[edit]Soviet Union
*Soviet Air Defence Forces (never exported)[11]Specifications (Tu-128)[edit]
Data from Tupolev : the man and his aircraft[2]
General characteristics
*Crew: 2
*Length: 30.06 m (98 ft 7 in)
*Wingspan: 17.53 m (57 ft 6 in)
*Height: 7.15 m (23 ft 5 in)
*Wing area: 96.94 m2 (1,043.5 sq ft)
*Empty weight: 24,500 kg (54,013 lb)
*Gross weight: 40,000 kg (88,185 lb)
*Max takeoff weight: 43,000–43,700 kg (94,799–96,342 lb)
*Fuel capacity: 13,600 kg (29,983 lb) maximum (estimated)
*Powerplant: 2 × Lyulka AL-7F-2 afterburning turbojet engines, 72.8 kN (16,400 lbf) thrust each dry, 99.1 kN (22,300 lbf) with afterburner
Performance Restaurante nuevo casino principal pamplona.
*Maximum speed: 1,665 km/h (1,035 mph, 899 kn) / M1.5 armed1,929 km/h (1,199 mph; 1,042 kn) un-armed
*Range: 1,560 km (970 mi, 840 nmi)
*Endurance: >3 hours
*Service ceiling: 15,600 m (51,200 ft)
*Absolute ceiling: 20,000 m (65,617 ft)
*g limits:+2.5
Armament
*Hardpoints: 4
*Missiles: 4 × Bisnovat R-4air-to-air missiles (usually 2 × radar-guided R-4R and 2 × infrared-homing R-4T); other armament or tanks not usedSee also[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tupolev Tu-128.
*North American A-5 Vigilante[12]
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related listsNotes[edit]
*^ abTu-128 was the largest fighter assuming that the definition of ’fighter’ includes an interceptor aircraft. Tu-128 was not intended for fighter-to-fighter combat (i.e. air superiority battle). For an even heavier interceptor design, which did not enter service, see Lockheed YF-12.
*^The geographical distance between Murmansk and Anadyr is 4,911 km.
*^For example, in 1972, a mere six air bases provided the sole interceptor cover for almost a half of the Soviet Union’s interior. These bases employed most of the Tu-128 force.[2]:140[7]:259–262
*^Some sources provide the radar’s designation as RP-5 instead of RP-S, possibly a mistake.Soviet Blackjack BomberReferences[edit]
*^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaa’Tu-128’ (in Russian). Airwar.ru. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
*^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstKandalov, Paul Duffy ; Andrei (1996). Tupolev : the man and his aircraft. Warrendale, PA: SAE Internat. pp. 137–139. ISBN978-1-56091-899-8. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
*^ abcdeSpick, Mike (5 August 2002). The Illustrated Directory of Fighters. ISBN978-0-7603-1343-5. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
*^https://www.aerosociety.com/media/3581/aerospace_mar2016.pdf
*^Mladenov, Alexander (20 April 2017). ’Soviet Cold War Fighters’. Fonthill Media. Retrieved 29 January 2019 – via Google Books.
*^’AviationsMilitaires.net — Kotlas-Savatiya (Russie)’. www.aviationsmilitaires.net. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
*^ abcLeonard, Barry (January 2011). History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956–1972. pp. 109–114, 259–262. ISBN9781437921311.
*^ abcdefgh’Tupolev Tu-28’. Russiafile.com. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
*^ abAir warfare : an international encyclopedia. Santa Barabara (Calif.): ABC-Clio. 2002. ISBN978-1-57607-345-2.
*^Roblin, Sebastien (1 April 2017). ’Russia’s Super-Sized Tu-128 Fighter: The Supersonic B-52 Killer’. The National Interest. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
*^ abcdefghij’WWW.AVIATION.RU’. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
*^Colon, Raul. ’Tupolev TU-128 Fiddler’. Retrieved 5 March 2011.Wikipedia Blackjack Bomber JacketRetrieved from ’https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupolev_Tu-28&oldid=987521261’Home >Aircraft > Tupolev Tu-160 BlackjackLong-range strategic bomberWiki Blackjack BomberThe Tupolev Tu-160 Blackjack is the world’s largest operational bomberWikipedia Blackjack Bomber FighterCountry of originSoviet UnionEntered service1987Crew4 menDimensions and weightLength54.1 mWing span 35.6 m swept, 55.7 m spreadHeight 13.1 mWeight (empty)118 tWeight (maximum take off)275 tEngines and performanceEngines4 x SSPE Trud NK-321 turbofansTraction (dry / with afterburning)4 x 137.20 / 245.16 kNMaximum speed2 220 km/hService ceiling15.5 kmRange12 300 kmArmamentMissiles12 x Kh-55 (AS-15 ’Kent-A’) or Kh-55SM (AS-15 ’Kent-B’) cruise missiles. Up to 24 x Kh-15P (AS-16 ’Kickback’)Bombsfree-fall bombs in place of the missiles
The Tu-160 (Western reporting name Blackjack) is the world’s largest operational bomber. It is nicknamed the White Swan by the pilots. Dwarfing the similar-looking B-1B Lancer, it is the heaviest combat aircraft ever built. Unlike the B-1B, the Tu-160 bomber remains committed to both low-level penetration (at transonic speeds) and high-level penetration at speeds of about Mach 1.9.
Although the aircraft had a fly-by-wire control system all cockpit displays were conventional analogue instruments, with no multi-function or head-up displays. The long pointed radome houses a terrain following and attack radar. Below this was a fairing for a forward-looking TV camera used for visual weapon aiming.
The development programme of the Tupolev Tu-160 was extremely protracted. The prototype first flew in 1981 and the second aircraft was lost in 1987. First aircraft became operational in 1987. Series production was at Kazan and continued until 1992, when President Yeltsin announced that no further strategic bombers would be built. Production totaled 35 Blackjacks, including two prototypes. Also there were some incomplete airframes. This bomber was extremely expensive to build and to maintain.
The Tu-160 has a range of 12 300 km. It was the second Soviet bomber after the Tu-95 (Western reporting name Bear), that could reach the United States without in-flight refueling. However the Tu-160 could never replace the ageing Tu-95 due to its astonishing price.
In 1989 the Tu-160 reached a speed of 2 200 km/h for the first time. However later maximum speed was limited to 2 000 km/h in order to extend service lives of the engines and airframes. The Blackjack set a total of 44 world records.
18 and older casinos. Even after the aircraft entered service, problems continued to severely restrict operations and production began before a common standard and configuration was agreed. Thus wingspans, equipment fit, and intake configurations differ from aircraft to aircraft.
The Blackjack is armed with Kh-55 (Western designation AS-15 Kent) cruise missiles and Kh-15 (Western designation AS-16 Kickback) air-to-surface missiles. The aircraft can carry a total of 12 Kh-55 and up to 24 Kh-15. Both of these missiles can carry nuclear warheads. Missiles are carried in two internal weapon bays. The Tu-160 can also carry free-fall bombs with a maximum weight of up to 40 t. These bombers are intended to attack the most important enemy targets. It is claimed that the Tu-160 has reduced radar cross section, however it is by no means a stealthy aircraft.
A total of 19 Tu-160s were delivered to the 184th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment at Priluki (Ukraine) beginning in May 1987. These were left at the Ukrainian base after the break up of the USSR in 1991 and, after protracted discussions between Ukraine and the Russian Federation, eight were returned to Russia in 1999. Scrapping of the remaining Tu-160s held in Ukraine began in 1998 under a contract issued by the US government. In 2001, six Russian Tupolev Tu-160s were declared operational as air-launched cruise missile carriers under the START treaty. These were assigned to the 121st Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment at Engels and were joined in 2001 by the first of the eight refurbished aircraft formerly held in Ukraine. Although perhaps up to a dozen further airframes are nominally serviceable it seems unlikely that Russia has sufficient funds to rework these aircraft. Some sources claim that Russian Air Force currently operates 16 of these strategic bombers.
In 2014 overhaul and modernization of the T-160s commenced at the Tupolev plant. The first modernized Tu-160M bomber was rolled out in 2016. Upgraded and refurbished aircraft are fitted with new radars, electronics and navigation equipment. It is expected that by 2020 more than dozen of Tu-160s bombers will be upgraded and will be in operational service with the Russian Air Force.
US-based Platforms International corporation has acquired three demilitarized ex-Ukrainian Tu-160s which it planned to convert as Tu-160SK launchers for space vehicles. However this was never done.
By 2017 a total of 16 bombers were operational with the Russian Air Force, plus one more was being upgraded to the Tu-160M standard. This upgraded warplane was planned to be delivered in 2019. There were plans to upgrade all 16 operational bombers to the Tu-160M standard.
In 2015 it was announced, that Russian MoD plans to relaunch production of the Tu-160. It was announced that newly-build bombers will be fitted with new engines, new radars and new avionics. The newly-built bomber is referred as the Tu-160M2. So even though it will look similar, the Tu-160M2 will be essentially a new warplane. In 2018 a contract was signed to produce a total of 10 Tu-160M2 bombers for the Russian Air Force. Deliveries are planned to be completed in 2027. A planned price of a Tu-160M2 is $1.5 billion.
Register here: http://gg.gg/wcz0q
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The Tu-160 Blackjack is a Russian strategic bomber used by the Consortium during the Day of the Consortium. Blackjack, formerly also Black Jack and Vingt-Un, is the American member of a global family of banking games known as Twenty-One, whose relatives include the British game of Pontoon and the European game, Vingt-et-Un. It is a comparing card game between one or more players and a dealer, where each player in turn competes against the dealer.
*Soviet Blackjack Bomber
*Wikipedia Blackjack Bomber Jacket
*Wiki Blackjack Bomber
*Wikipedia Blackjack Bomber FighterTu-28/Tu-128Tu-128 at the Central Air Force Museum at Monino, RussiaRoleInterceptorManufacturerVoronezh Aircraft Production AssociationDesign groupTupolevFirst flight18 March 1961Introduction1964[1] (or 1966[2])Retired1990StatusRetiredPrimary userSoviet Air Defence ForcesNumber built198[1] (including 10 trainers)Developed fromTupolev Tu-98 bomber prototype
The Tupolev Tu-28 (NATO reporting nameFiddler) was a long-range interceptor aircraft introduced by the Soviet Union in the 1960s. The official designation was Tu-128,[2] but this designation was less commonly used in the West. It was the largest and heaviest fighter[nb 1] ever in service.[2][3]Background[edit]
In the 1950s, the Soviet Union sought means to defend against nuclear-armed American bombers possibly penetrating its borders (especially its long and vulnerable northern border), flying from northern Soviet bases like Talagi Airport and Savatiya (air base).[4][5][6] Contemporary interceptors, even the Yakovlev Yak-28P, were able to cover only a radius of a few hundred kilometers;[1][7][8] the newly developed surface-to-air missiles had even shorter range[1](the standard Soviet SAM S-75 Dvina’s range is 45 km (28 miles)). Considering both, the sheer numbers required to defend a 5,000 km air front[nb 2] were economically impossible to maintain. This left the Soviet Union able to provide a modern air defense only for selected valuable areas.[8] The PVO decided to cover the entire territory, but with a looser defence. In 1955 it placed a requirement for a large area-defense interceptor, that would achieve it with sparse[nb 3] airbases. The PVO requirement called for a supersonic aircraft with enormous fuel tanks for both a good patrol time and long range, a capable radar, and the most powerful air-to-air missiles possible. The first attempt, although unsuccessful, was a 30-tonne Lavochkin La-250 prototype,[8] the last of the Lavochkin design bureau’s aircraft.Design and development[edit]Tu-128 prototype at Central Air Force Museum, Monino, Russia
Iosif Nezval[2][8] of Tupolev Design Bureau led development of the new interceptor aircraft. The work began in 1958, based on an existing single prototype of the unsuccessful Tu-98 supersonic bomber. The military designation of the interceptor was at first Tu-28, but it was changed in 1963 to Tu-128, identical to the designation used by the OKB.[1][2][8]
The Tu-128 had a broad, low/mid-mounted swept wing carrying the main landing gear in wing-mounted pods, and slab tailplanes. Two Lyulka AL-7F-2 turbojet engines[1][2] were mounted in the fuselage. The two-man crew of pilot and navigator were seated in tandem.
The Tu-128, with its maximum weight of 43 tonnes, was the heaviest fighter to enter service.[nb 1][2] It was a bomber-interceptor with high wing loading, unsophisticated but reliable avionics and poor visibility. It was not an agile aircraft.[2] It was intended to combat only NATO bombers like the B-52,[2][8] not engage in dogfights with smaller aircraft.
The interceptor made its initial public appearance in the 1961 Tushino air parade. Western experts, unaware that the bulge on the belly carried testing instruments, mistook it for a large ventral radar for a mixed interceptor/AWACS role.[3] The production version lacked the bulge and had a large nose radome housing a radar, known as RP-S[nb 4]Smerch, having a detection range of about 50 km (31 mi[2]) and a lock-on range of about 40 km (25 mi).[1] Casino on hwy 75 in oklahoma.
Armament of the Tu-128 was four Bisnovat R-4air-to-air missiles (known as K-80 during development;[1]NATO reporting name AA-5 ’Ash’). Usually two of them were R-4Rs with semi-active radar homing and two were R-4T infrared-homing missiles, with the former on the outer pylons and the latter on the inner underwing pylons. There was no internal weapons bay.
Production of the Tu-128 ended in 1970 with a total of 198 aircraft having been built.[1][9]
Development of various projects designated Tu-28A, Tu-28-80, Tu-28-100, Tu-138, and Tu-148 were proposed by the Tupolev Design Bureau but all were abandoned.[1]Operational history[edit]
The Tu-128’s only publicly reported combat operation was the destruction of NATO reconnaissance balloons. The aircraft remained in service until 1990.[1][2] Through the 1980s, units armed with the Tu-128 converted to the Mikoyan MiG-31,[1][3] which features much more advanced sensors and weapons.[10]Variants[edit]Tupolev Tu-128UTPrototype of Tu-28 (’Fiddler-A’)Development test aircraft, one built. OKB designation was 128.[1][2][3] In the West, Fiddler-A was used for all the aircraft with twin ventral fins[2] — these included a prototype and a few of initial production (perhaps two[1] planes).Tu-128 (also known as Tu-28; ’Fiddler-B’)Main version, first deployed operationally in 1964[1] (or 1966[2][8] – sources differ). The military designation was at first Tu-28,[2][8] but the existing aircraft were renamed in 1963.[1][11] The entire weapon complex (aircraft, radar, missiles) was designated Tu-128S-4.[1][2] In the Western sources, but not in Soviet, often the more precise designation of this version[3][7][9] is mentioned as either Tu-28P or Tu-128P.Tu-128UT (also known as Tu-28UT)Training version with an additional cockpit forward of the normal one, in place of a radar. ten built and four converted from standard interceptors.[1][11]Tu-128MA 1979 modernization of almost all[1] existing aircraft for better interception at low altitude. Development originated in 1970.[2] Engines and airframe were not altered.[1] The full designation of the entire weapons complex was Tu-128S-4M.[1][2][11] It contained a new RP-SM Smerch-M radar, and new missile set: R-4RM plus R-4TM.[1][11]Abandoned[edit]Tu-28ANew development, abandoned.[1][11]Tu-28-80Development designation, abandoned.[1][11]Tu-28-100Development designation, abandoned.[1][11]Tu-138New development, abandoned.[1][11]Tu-148New development, variable geometry wings, abandoned.[1][11]Operators[edit]Soviet Union
*Soviet Air Defence Forces (never exported)[11]Specifications (Tu-128)[edit]
Data from Tupolev : the man and his aircraft[2]
General characteristics
*Crew: 2
*Length: 30.06 m (98 ft 7 in)
*Wingspan: 17.53 m (57 ft 6 in)
*Height: 7.15 m (23 ft 5 in)
*Wing area: 96.94 m2 (1,043.5 sq ft)
*Empty weight: 24,500 kg (54,013 lb)
*Gross weight: 40,000 kg (88,185 lb)
*Max takeoff weight: 43,000–43,700 kg (94,799–96,342 lb)
*Fuel capacity: 13,600 kg (29,983 lb) maximum (estimated)
*Powerplant: 2 × Lyulka AL-7F-2 afterburning turbojet engines, 72.8 kN (16,400 lbf) thrust each dry, 99.1 kN (22,300 lbf) with afterburner
Performance Restaurante nuevo casino principal pamplona.
*Maximum speed: 1,665 km/h (1,035 mph, 899 kn) / M1.5 armed1,929 km/h (1,199 mph; 1,042 kn) un-armed
*Range: 1,560 km (970 mi, 840 nmi)
*Endurance: >3 hours
*Service ceiling: 15,600 m (51,200 ft)
*Absolute ceiling: 20,000 m (65,617 ft)
*g limits:+2.5
Armament
*Hardpoints: 4
*Missiles: 4 × Bisnovat R-4air-to-air missiles (usually 2 × radar-guided R-4R and 2 × infrared-homing R-4T); other armament or tanks not usedSee also[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tupolev Tu-128.
*North American A-5 Vigilante[12]
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related listsNotes[edit]
*^ abTu-128 was the largest fighter assuming that the definition of ’fighter’ includes an interceptor aircraft. Tu-128 was not intended for fighter-to-fighter combat (i.e. air superiority battle). For an even heavier interceptor design, which did not enter service, see Lockheed YF-12.
*^The geographical distance between Murmansk and Anadyr is 4,911 km.
*^For example, in 1972, a mere six air bases provided the sole interceptor cover for almost a half of the Soviet Union’s interior. These bases employed most of the Tu-128 force.[2]:140[7]:259–262
*^Some sources provide the radar’s designation as RP-5 instead of RP-S, possibly a mistake.Soviet Blackjack BomberReferences[edit]
*^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaa’Tu-128’ (in Russian). Airwar.ru. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
*^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstKandalov, Paul Duffy ; Andrei (1996). Tupolev : the man and his aircraft. Warrendale, PA: SAE Internat. pp. 137–139. ISBN978-1-56091-899-8. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
*^ abcdeSpick, Mike (5 August 2002). The Illustrated Directory of Fighters. ISBN978-0-7603-1343-5. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
*^https://www.aerosociety.com/media/3581/aerospace_mar2016.pdf
*^Mladenov, Alexander (20 April 2017). ’Soviet Cold War Fighters’. Fonthill Media. Retrieved 29 January 2019 – via Google Books.
*^’AviationsMilitaires.net — Kotlas-Savatiya (Russie)’. www.aviationsmilitaires.net. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
*^ abcLeonard, Barry (January 2011). History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956–1972. pp. 109–114, 259–262. ISBN9781437921311.
*^ abcdefgh’Tupolev Tu-28’. Russiafile.com. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
*^ abAir warfare : an international encyclopedia. Santa Barabara (Calif.): ABC-Clio. 2002. ISBN978-1-57607-345-2.
*^Roblin, Sebastien (1 April 2017). ’Russia’s Super-Sized Tu-128 Fighter: The Supersonic B-52 Killer’. The National Interest. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
*^ abcdefghij’WWW.AVIATION.RU’. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
*^Colon, Raul. ’Tupolev TU-128 Fiddler’. Retrieved 5 March 2011.Wikipedia Blackjack Bomber JacketRetrieved from ’https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupolev_Tu-28&oldid=987521261’Home >Aircraft > Tupolev Tu-160 BlackjackLong-range strategic bomberWiki Blackjack BomberThe Tupolev Tu-160 Blackjack is the world’s largest operational bomberWikipedia Blackjack Bomber FighterCountry of originSoviet UnionEntered service1987Crew4 menDimensions and weightLength54.1 mWing span 35.6 m swept, 55.7 m spreadHeight 13.1 mWeight (empty)118 tWeight (maximum take off)275 tEngines and performanceEngines4 x SSPE Trud NK-321 turbofansTraction (dry / with afterburning)4 x 137.20 / 245.16 kNMaximum speed2 220 km/hService ceiling15.5 kmRange12 300 kmArmamentMissiles12 x Kh-55 (AS-15 ’Kent-A’) or Kh-55SM (AS-15 ’Kent-B’) cruise missiles. Up to 24 x Kh-15P (AS-16 ’Kickback’)Bombsfree-fall bombs in place of the missiles
The Tu-160 (Western reporting name Blackjack) is the world’s largest operational bomber. It is nicknamed the White Swan by the pilots. Dwarfing the similar-looking B-1B Lancer, it is the heaviest combat aircraft ever built. Unlike the B-1B, the Tu-160 bomber remains committed to both low-level penetration (at transonic speeds) and high-level penetration at speeds of about Mach 1.9.
Although the aircraft had a fly-by-wire control system all cockpit displays were conventional analogue instruments, with no multi-function or head-up displays. The long pointed radome houses a terrain following and attack radar. Below this was a fairing for a forward-looking TV camera used for visual weapon aiming.
The development programme of the Tupolev Tu-160 was extremely protracted. The prototype first flew in 1981 and the second aircraft was lost in 1987. First aircraft became operational in 1987. Series production was at Kazan and continued until 1992, when President Yeltsin announced that no further strategic bombers would be built. Production totaled 35 Blackjacks, including two prototypes. Also there were some incomplete airframes. This bomber was extremely expensive to build and to maintain.
The Tu-160 has a range of 12 300 km. It was the second Soviet bomber after the Tu-95 (Western reporting name Bear), that could reach the United States without in-flight refueling. However the Tu-160 could never replace the ageing Tu-95 due to its astonishing price.
In 1989 the Tu-160 reached a speed of 2 200 km/h for the first time. However later maximum speed was limited to 2 000 km/h in order to extend service lives of the engines and airframes. The Blackjack set a total of 44 world records.
18 and older casinos. Even after the aircraft entered service, problems continued to severely restrict operations and production began before a common standard and configuration was agreed. Thus wingspans, equipment fit, and intake configurations differ from aircraft to aircraft.
The Blackjack is armed with Kh-55 (Western designation AS-15 Kent) cruise missiles and Kh-15 (Western designation AS-16 Kickback) air-to-surface missiles. The aircraft can carry a total of 12 Kh-55 and up to 24 Kh-15. Both of these missiles can carry nuclear warheads. Missiles are carried in two internal weapon bays. The Tu-160 can also carry free-fall bombs with a maximum weight of up to 40 t. These bombers are intended to attack the most important enemy targets. It is claimed that the Tu-160 has reduced radar cross section, however it is by no means a stealthy aircraft.
A total of 19 Tu-160s were delivered to the 184th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment at Priluki (Ukraine) beginning in May 1987. These were left at the Ukrainian base after the break up of the USSR in 1991 and, after protracted discussions between Ukraine and the Russian Federation, eight were returned to Russia in 1999. Scrapping of the remaining Tu-160s held in Ukraine began in 1998 under a contract issued by the US government. In 2001, six Russian Tupolev Tu-160s were declared operational as air-launched cruise missile carriers under the START treaty. These were assigned to the 121st Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment at Engels and were joined in 2001 by the first of the eight refurbished aircraft formerly held in Ukraine. Although perhaps up to a dozen further airframes are nominally serviceable it seems unlikely that Russia has sufficient funds to rework these aircraft. Some sources claim that Russian Air Force currently operates 16 of these strategic bombers.
In 2014 overhaul and modernization of the T-160s commenced at the Tupolev plant. The first modernized Tu-160M bomber was rolled out in 2016. Upgraded and refurbished aircraft are fitted with new radars, electronics and navigation equipment. It is expected that by 2020 more than dozen of Tu-160s bombers will be upgraded and will be in operational service with the Russian Air Force.
US-based Platforms International corporation has acquired three demilitarized ex-Ukrainian Tu-160s which it planned to convert as Tu-160SK launchers for space vehicles. However this was never done.
By 2017 a total of 16 bombers were operational with the Russian Air Force, plus one more was being upgraded to the Tu-160M standard. This upgraded warplane was planned to be delivered in 2019. There were plans to upgrade all 16 operational bombers to the Tu-160M standard.
In 2015 it was announced, that Russian MoD plans to relaunch production of the Tu-160. It was announced that newly-build bombers will be fitted with new engines, new radars and new avionics. The newly-built bomber is referred as the Tu-160M2. So even though it will look similar, the Tu-160M2 will be essentially a new warplane. In 2018 a contract was signed to produce a total of 10 Tu-160M2 bombers for the Russian Air Force. Deliveries are planned to be completed in 2027. A planned price of a Tu-160M2 is $1.5 billion.
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